             20.       

             ,  
               ...      
 ,  :     ,
      ...        
,   ,     ,    .

           .  . I   .. [259,.13].

                     
                 
   40-      .      
       , 
 .         
              .    
          ,    
,      .      
       ,     
  XVIII  -  XIX         ,    
    .

,              
   ,   .   
        ( ) 
 .         
     .    10-15   ..
[260,.12].         
    .

          ,   ,   
[231..10]  .  ,       
       (     )
          .  
  40,     24 -11   ..  [261]. 
     3  10 ,   -  0,3  1,5 .
     ,            
    .         
.

     .         
      (..,  1978),     ,
 -   (,  ).    
                
 ,          
       ..

     (  )       
   .           
   " " -    
(.182).        (.183).  
       :         
 ...

 ,    ,       ( 2000 .
 ..)         
.           
(.184)            .   187
 "-"   ().

       . 
    III,   :

"              6    
      ...      
    ...       ,    
  ...         
      ...        
...           ... 
   ...      ... 
              
" [260..13].

            ,   
   "  "  Nar.    
      ,      
     -.     , 
          ,      "".   
      .           
.     ,    (.185), 
    - [7,.36-38].    ,      
      ,      .18.

   ,        
-1  - ,         
  ,    Duat -     
  (.186).        -  
   Shem,    " ". 
   ,    ()     Het  Benben
("  ").  ,    ,      
,    ,     -          
   DIN-GIR.    ,  
 ,             
  .          
 ,     (.187).

,           
 ,    ,    
  ,    ""  ,    ,
 

   "...   .
      .   
      ,    
         
    ,  ".

    " , ,  , 
   -  ,           
".        
            Sunt.      Sunt,
     ,  ,      
,           ,
    80 .

   "    Sunt,
           
         , 
       , 
       , 
        
         , 
      []  
    w - ,   , 
     " [7,.66] 

..,   ,     ,  
         
 ( 188).     ,     ,
    .      (V    ..) 
         "",  
            .   "" 
" "           ,
"  ",      332 .  .
.          
""      ,      
"",     .       
 .

             102  .    .  .  
      ""    
"",        ,    [260,  .  13].    
""    73  .    .  .      
               .
"  -   ,  ,  ,
 ,      ,   ,
    ,        
,        -    .  ,  
,    .    ,  , 
 0 [262,. 116].

     " "   
 .    "", "" (  
),  ""   "" (  ).  
    ,    " ".     
         39 ,  
"" - 11,    - 8,    "" - 12,  ""
-  5        7 .      ,
    (1552)    59  .       
         :  
     30 ,     - 63,    - 9, 
  - 26     - 14  [260..15].

    .   "               ,
    " (,  .21,  .62,  214 .  
..).  "        ,  
,       " ( .   ,  .2,
.46, 213 .  ..).

                     ,
     .      
    .-.  (1961);  ""  
            [263..15].         
   " -  "     
 :

" ,         " (, 
216 .  ..).

"     ,  ,          
" ( ,     98 .).

"            -  
       ,     ,   
...      ". (  290 .) [2.64]

          ,  
   IV .  ..    II-I 
 ..       "  ".      32
  "",   .      .  
    ;  ,      
    ;    ;    
    ;     ;  
               
;      .. [260..13-14].

   ,  "        [?]
      :   16 ...    ,  
  16      " [263..26].

           
  "",      1400 .   ..,   ""
( 3000 .   ..          ,  
     (" "),    (" ,
        ),  ("
  ,      ")     "
"        [263..22-23].

            
     .   331 .  ..     
--  -      "  "    
      "".             
 - ().      
    16  .        ,
      -  "-".           ,
 ..  ..:

"         ,     ,
    ,     .    
-    ,    ,    .  
    -     " [23,. 18].

..    ,            
.

   " .  ,  .
      -  .
        
     ,     " [263,.21].

      :

   " ,    
    ,     
    ,  , 
     . 
       " [263,.17]. 

 " ",     ,  ,  
   ,       .
 ,       ""  ,  
      [259,.14].  
   "",    ,      
  (.189).         .  
190   ,   .

               
,       .    
             .  
  malachim,     " ()
       ".      ,
,     .    
 ,        ,   -  .
,        -,     
               
   ,  ,     
    .           5,5
          ""   
  .             
     .

 18-19             
"" (   ),    ,  
      (. 18:2-33).    
 ,   ""   (     ).  
     ,       ,
""      .

     ""    ,  
    (,  )  .        
        (. 19:1-16). ,
          ,    
.    ,   .       
.                 (
   ) .

 ""  ""        
     .  ,      
          .      
   ,      ,
   ,   ,   , 
    ,      -    
  ..

 .  13-14        .
            "  "    "  "
(.13:21-22),           ,  
   ,    .    ,   
 ,     ,      "
     ." ( 19:9).

     ,             
   .   , ,  
           ,    
  ,      .   :  "
      ,     ,  []  
   [ ]  (.19:1).        
   ",      ,     .  
     ...".     
   :

   "     ,
       ,    . 
           , 
     ,     , 
    ,       . 
        
        ". 
   (.13:20-22) 

    ,   ,     
   .

   "         ,
       ,     ... 
         ,       , 
       ,    ,     ".
   (.19:16-18) 

,         ,    
   .     
   ""      .

   "    ,    
        , 
        , 
     7-        . 
          ...
     .
       ,    ; 
        40   40 ". 
   (.24:15-18) 

,          ,    .
    ""        
   .            
  .   ,     
  .

   "    [ ].
       ; 
       ; 
          
          [,  ] 
     ... ,     . 
         [ ]. 
         
       [,  ]. 
        ; 
       ,     . 
            
    ,   . [ ] 
   ,     ,     . 
   (.25:10-40) 

          -
  ,              - "",
           .
      ,  
  ""  .  ,    
   .      2-         
 ,    .  , 
  "  "   .        
   30000 (!) "   ".

   "     , 
          
      ;    . 
       ; 
          , 
         ". 
   (2- .6:6-12)

     ,         
    .       
   .

,    3-       ,    ,
       .

   "    ,    ,
     . 
          
      []    . 
        ,       , 
          ,   , 
     ,   ".
   (3- .4:29-33)

        ?   ,
       " ",  
      " ".

  ,     ,        
      ,           
,                 
.                   
(.16:10-13)  ,    " ".    
  "        ,      
" ( 16.31).  ,              
 ,     ,   
        .  ,           
,                 .    
 

   "     ,
        . 
    ,  ,    , 
   , ,    ".
   (.16:13-14)

   "...    ,   .
               , 
      ,      
         , 
        ". 
   (.11:7-9) 

,        ,     "" 
    .

   "   ,    ; 
      ,  ". 
   (. 16:21) 

   "...   ,
       []   , 
     ,   ...". 
   (.1:20) 

    ,       ,    ,
     .    , 
,   ,     - .  
,              ;
    .  .

 ,   ""              
,         .        
  :

   "  ,    ,
      , 
               . 
     :    ,    . 
   (.9:15-16) 

         "",          
,        ,         
:

   "     ,
        , 
     ,   , 
       . 
   ...  ,     ,   . 
          , 
        . 
          ... 
          , 
       ,    ... 
   ,     ,    
      ,     ... 
   (.9:17-22) 

             .  
.33   :  "   ".    :  "
     ,        
   ".         ?    
    ,     ""   
 "    "            ,
   " ,  ".    , 
 ,        ():  " 
,           ,      .  
        ...          "
(.34:29-30).

       ,            
          
 .         
,         .  
      , ,    .

           ,    
,   ..    .28  ,   
     ,      .  
  ,           .
    ,         "
"  " ".

   ",    ,     ; 
    ,       . 
        : 
        ;    ! 
      :    ! 
      ,   ,   ". 
   (.28:12,16-17) 

,   .             
    ,         
          ,         
.       ,     ,
 .

           .    .1
      ,    ,      
- ,       "    ,    
".    ""       , 
       :  ,   
.              ,  
 " ,        ".      
 ,        
                  
 "",       .  
   -    :

   "     , 
      ,  ... 
      [""] ,     , 
       ,    ... 
       ,      
           ; 
        
          
         , 
          . 
          , 
       . 
   []      , 
        ".
   (. 1:22-28) 

     .10.           
        ,  ,   .
  .       ,      
   "   ".              
           
(.191).     ,    
 (         )  
     "" .    
      ,   
.             -.   "" "
...        "  (.10:4).    
"  "         ,
                 
.

 " "  .   ,  
    ,       .  
     "  [] 
 ,       - ,       -  
"   (:8.2).            (  
?),    .           
(:3.23).        ,       
"  " (:3.15).     ,  ,    
,    " "       .  
    -   "   ". ,
          (3.23).   .3   
 .   ""       ,  
             (3.13).
,      ,        
                 
   .

   "          , 
       ,   : 
         
         
         ,    , 
       :"   !"
   (.3:22-27)

                    ,
  .  ,        
    .    .  9-
     ,            ""
  " "        
.   ,            
        .      ,
  :

   "         
         ,   , 
      . 
    ,     ;     
     ,     , 
       . 
         ".
   (.17:33,38-43) 

             
.20  .

   "  [ ]     -
        , 
        
        .
    -   :    ,
      ... 
     ...     ... 
     :     , 
         ...".
   (.20:18-21)

                   .
,                   
.    ,      
.     .   -   
    .  ,    ,  ,    ,  
          ,        "  "
(.19:26).    NI-MUR   ""    "",
          .      
,       "  ",      
[13,.184].

             ,     
,    .   ,  " 
             "  
,      .   " "   
  "  "  "   ,  
  " (.19:28).  ,          ""  
        .   
       -    
  .

      .          
:       (.3:23-   .7).  
      "" (8:1-  .9).   .10 
   ,     .

  43      .     
  .

   "...     , 
      -    , 
      n  . 
       ,    ...   ... 
          , ... 
    ". 
   (.43:1-4)

,               
,      .

        .    
,              
  ,               
           .     ,
          
,      .         
  (1917) [265]    (1962) [247].

   "     
          
        : 
   ,  ,    , 
         . 
      ,   -   ; 
     -   , 
         -   , 
       -    ... 
     , ,   , 
         ,... 
           . 
   (. 10:4-7)

   ,   ,     " " ",
     " (.11:5),  "" (.14).   
,        . ,
    ,    "   ( I)"  "
  ( II)".        :

"     365-          
   ...        ,    
   ;       ,      
  ,        .      ,
   .      ;        
".

 ,        ""      ;   
 .          . 
 :  "       ,   
  ".       "",  ,
         ,      ,
 , -  (   )   .
     ,    33   ,
                  "  
" [7,.30-31].

      " "    : "
   ,       .    
 ,    []       ...   
,     ,       ,   
    ...         
:      ,       , 
   .   -      
- ,       " [7,.33].

,         .    4-
                
 .   2:10 ,       ,
    "".         :  "   [
-]   ,         
,      ,        ".   
   ,   -      -      
 -      50 ,     .  
 ,     ,        
   .

  ""      . 
.5       :

   "...     :   ... 
     20 ,    10 . 
    [,   ]  : 
   " ,     ...". 
   (.1-3) 

         . 

   " ,   ,      ... 
       ,  : ,   , 
        ,        ; 
             ". 
   (.5:7-9) 

            ,  
      (.192),      .  
    .       ,    
   ;     ,  
,    .

      ,  , ,
       .     
  ,  ,       
            .    "  
".   ,      ,    
            ,      ,
  .

    ,  ,          -
 ,     ,   "  
,     ;    []   
  "  (.2:11).        ,   
       :

   "          
          ... 
     ,        
       ... 
          , 
        ... 
      ;       ; 
       , 
       ,   ... 
   ...  ...,     ... 
         . 
         , 
        ". 
   (.2:10,19; 6:1-2; 5:25) 

      ,      , , 
        .      
   "   ,    ,   
 ,     [] " (.13:5).   ,  
          ,    
 ,  ,        "".
,      " "       ,  
       .

               
 -   -   .

   ,  "    "    ,  
,     ,   ,    "
 ",       .  
        . 
,         ,
 (?)     .      
  - ,    - ",   ".
    ,      (",    
 ")   ,  -  shem!

   " ,   ,  !
     ,  ! 
       ! 
      shem!". 

                 ,   
   "",   "".   ""    
      .        ,
  ,    ""  "".    ,  
    ,   ,   ,  
  (    ?).       :  
 ,      "".     
  .       ""   :  "...  
    !"       -    
.

 -      ,    .  " 
  [beru]     [] :  "    !
    ?      !       ?"  
   ,    -    .     
[beru]     .  "   ,      
". [213, 89]

    ,         
        ,    .
           .  
        "     ,   
     ".           
 .          
 -   (  )?     ,  
  ?  .    ,   
-   ,    .    
   .    ,    ,      
  ( ?),    ""   (.
193).

 ,            ,  
     .     ,
  ",   "       
.

 ,     ,   ,    
          ,  ,    
 ,         .  
       ,   
  .             
   /           .
     ,    
         .  
        ,      ,
-,       ( )   
    .                 
,      ,                 
.

                     21.  -   ? 

,   []  .    
,      .   
  ,       
      ,       .    
            ,      
      ,   .

 . . -//  , 1928 [266].

   ,           450000  /
             .      
         .     
     1877 .        
    "",   
  -  "canali"  (,        
        ,   .  
  1726 .   " ").         
  .     
        - "", 
      .

          700    1895 .  
             
    (  194).         
  .  " ".

              
        XX .   1907 .  
"  "            
     .    
:  1965   ,  ., - 
     ,     [267].
  1972 .   ""  "" ,     
   ,    .

 40-50-           ,  
   ,     
  .         
      -  .    
 ,     .

       ?    
 1,5    ,      6      
  ,  ,    2,3   .  
       (24  37 ).  
           .     
    .       100  
  ,    .      ,    
    ,        30  .
           (95,3),
   (2,7),   (2)     (1,6  )
[28,  62-66].        0  -15 
  ,    -76-120    [269,  270]. 
  50-90   .

            
 ,      ,      ,    ,
-  .    ,   , 
   1,5      .    
,   ,    .  
        (.195).

 ,         ,  
 :     19    
,     - .    ,  
       ,      .
                 
  .            
 .       ,      "  
  .   ,  ,  ,   ...
   ,         "  [271,
.151].

     ,           ;     
,      (     ),   
         .    
,                 
(    1000  )    .    
 ,         1980  .
,            
 ,      .   
                
      "      "   
    [272].        
           
    .             
 .

.   ,           
    -              
 [165].      -  
        .    "  ,    
    ",        .  
             .
       : 1,4  1021 
  ,  5,4  1022  -   ,  1021  -  ; 
          4    1020  
[268,.66].            
         100  .    :    ,
      -   - 1,46  1024   0,3 
  ,    30  ,   .

  ,      100000       
,    .      23,5   
.    41000      3 .  
       26000 .        
          .     
  -  50000 .

     ""         
       .      
       .   
         .
,        ,     .  
""    ""      
   [273].

   ,         
  .        ,      
    ,  ,     ,  
    [274].    ,  ,  
        .   
         ,  
      (      ) 
  .

 1980 .          
        
.               
      ;          
;   -   ; ,      
,       ,   ,  ,  
      [13,.241].

 ""   ,  .  
  ,             
     [276].

       "  "
     1985 .    .   1991 .
 .,   .   .  
             
  " ".   1992 .   . 
         
     [274-275].

                   
   "" .  
        1,9          ,
     4,5  ,      15
  ,        13000    ,
      1988  .       
ALH84001 (.196).           
        5    
      ()         
   -,       
     .          
  (.197) [273].

  (.198),     ,  
 3,5  .     , 
              "" 
   .

    1996  .        
.         .,
.  . [278],  . [125],  . [279]   
  [276-277;  280-281].    ,   
,      .

          
,  : "  ,      . 
        ,     
           .  ,  
,            "
[282].

        
  ,       100-1000 
     .       
       (.199  -    
,  .  1996  -        
 ).       ,    "  "
          600-700
 .         ,  
      ,  ,    
       80  [283].

        79001
(.200)  .,  .  . ().  
,           
 180        .
    ""   500000      [284-285].  
""         
 .

             
,     20   "".   
           
   .      .      ""    
   "", ,   ,
       -      .  
  -  500  .  "  ",  -
    ,    ,    
 ""      [286].

       ,    
 (. 11).

         
,    .      
 1864 .   1873 .      ,   
  [287].   1894 .          
         ,
    30    [288].     (
  ,     )       
"Nature"  2  1894 .     "  "    
[289,.321]. 8  1900 .   ( ) 
 70      ,      
     .

4    1937                 
   ,        
          .     ,  "
               ,  ,
    "  [290].        
,     (  ?)     
           20 .   
    1938,  1951,  1954, 1956, 1958 . [291]. 
    30        
    [292].

,    ""        70-
        .      
             
 .         .    
   20            
    .        ,    
 .

1   1987  .  "-  "       
       ,   ,  
.        -               ,
        ,        
  .        .

"-9"     ,      ,    "
"        4212-  15  (.201).    ,    
 ,          
    .       
              
.

       .  ,        "",
      ,   
  ,        .      
     -      
    .

          
      Trivium  Charontis    Elysium  ("-9",
 4205-78  4296-23,      - ) 
   /                  
"    ":          
,    .     
 11,     5    20  [292].
,    ""       ""
  ,  ,         
   ,     250 .   
""    ,      .   
   1,5 ,   - 1 .

  ,        "    "    
   ,        
  .      ,  "    
  " [293].

   035--72  ,  "-1" 25  1976 
( 202),        -      
 (   ).     7    
" ".                
,  ""     76--593/17384.

   ""      
       .    
   .      -         
.,        
            .      ,    ,  
-  '          
,  .      .

 ,             
,             .
  ,            
   (,          
            -  450000  ).    
    ,     
  ,        
     .        
               .
   :  1,5   ,  1,3     0,5  
.       .

       ..,      
  ,    ,      , 
  .            
,       (..201).   80-
        ,    
        ,        
   ,               
        .

     ,          ""
        :    ,
      (.203),          
 .         .
          ,  
  16  ,     1/22  ,     .  
  ..,          
            ,  ,
    .    ,  
       [294..27-28].

         -  .
       , 
  4  ,   "".  :   
           .
    ;   ;     ;  
   .  "    ...   
      ...,       
 ,          "  [295].
-   ,         ,
,        -    (.204, 205).

       ,           
  ,            ,    
      1998  .      
      3         
   (http://msg-www.jpl.nass.gov/) [296].

 206           ,      
  "".        -    
      .

,    ""        
                  :
      (    086--07)  (.207)   
"  "   -      
(  086--08)  (.208).        ,
             
    [297].

     ,   ,     -
   ,     
  ,           -      .
 ,         
 -        
-   .

 52--35  (.209)     
  .             
""  1 .   , ,    , 
.    ,       
     .

  Elysium     , 
   .          
      .     ,    
                 
          .   
        ,    .      
      ""        ,  
,                
   .

,   ,          .   
   ,   (.210).   
         200  300   
  (20-25 ) [298].    ,     
.  ,    ""    ,   10 ,
          
  .           
.         
 ,     ,  
   .       .
  .     :  " 
  " [79..220-221].

  1984 .           
-      ,        
   ,   ,  ,      .
[13..296].    "Nature"       ,    
,       ,        
.    70-       
...               
   ,       .
   ""  :     ,  
"-9"    "",      ,    "-2",
,                  
   "".      
,    .      
,       -    
  .

,    ,  ,  
 .    ,   
,    ,      ,      -         .
,         ,    -
      (        
).           
        (.211).      
  (          ) 
          (,  -,
   :      -  ,   
    -  ).  ,  ,  ,     
       ,      -   
 ,    ,    .

       Simug  ("    ";
"")  -      ,       .
 -    (       
    -    )  -    ,    
   .        
   ,  ,    ( 
    - 22  ).

   UTU-KA-GAB-A ("/,     ")
[13..268],               ,
,   , ""  " ".

           ,  
              .     
 ",      ".       
   ,        . 
   .

,        
.      " ". , 
            ,
                   .
  ,       
,        -   (Igigi),   
         .

 ,     -  -          ,
              ""
 .        ""    ,
   10 .      
     21    1993  .  
 "-".

   "-2"   .   ,
  28   1989  .,          
             .    
                (
,      ,     ,        
).          .  
 "" -  600  .    
""   ,     ,     
-    .        .
,     (.  212)        
   "-9" ( 4209-75,  186,4 ).

         
20 ,          (
213),         ,    
      .   214  
    .       .
  ,   1992 .  ,      ,  
      "        ?"    13-
 " ".      
,     [299].

,          ,    1989 .,
                    
    ()       
 ()         "
 ,      " [300].
      ,      
     .    ,      ,  -
           .
                
,  ,      .

            ,
      ,  ",    
           
".    ""     
 "        ,
                  ,
  .  ,    XII      
,                
  ,  .

    .   60-   ,
    ()    ,   
,      ,    
      .    1967  .    
          
      ,    ,
    .            
 " ".

 1979  .              
                     
     ,   
      "        ,
  ".  ,  -  ,  
 ,     .

            ,      
          ,     
                       
.        ,   
    SETI.    SETI,   , 
          
   .        
  10000    100000    .   :   70- 
       ,      1982  .  
 .    1983 .   , ,
  .

          
  -          
,    1985-1987 .     .  .   .
.

       :

1.              
,         
(          ,  25       
  ).

2.                      
     ,            
,  ,    .

3.    -        
            .  ,  
,         ( 
   ),    ,        
   ,   .

              
""    .    ,  
    450000    .        
  .           
,   , ,  ,     
    .          
      .  ,        
,          .   
   ,  ,      . 
     ,     
    - .    ,  ,    
     ,    
     ,      
  .    ,      
        [301-302].

                 22.  -    ?

     ,  , 
      
     , 
     , 
     ,   
    ,   
       . 
    .

           ,   
   ...    ,      
    ...  []     ...  
. "  ".

     ,      ,        
,           ,  
    ,     .

   ,       
          ,  
      .     
      ,        
  .              
          ()  [303].  
      ,   ,
  XVIII      (),
        . 
          -
,                -   
  ,         
 [304-311].

 ,      ,  
        ..       
 ,      .      .,
..,  ..   ,  .,  .,  .,  .,
., .  .

,        3  1715 .  
       .   
 ,         1783  .    
        .     1789 .    
       .

,   ,         
    150    , 
  .   ,        ,
     ,  
    .  , ,    XIX
.            1871  .          
  1600    .    1887  .       
 ,    -   ,  
    [312,.64-65].     ""?

   ,        ,   
     .       
  ,     ,   - ,
    .

    60-               
"",        .  
1972 .      .     
   .        -    
"             "   ..
(,  1968),  "    "  ..
(, 1978)   .     
     [307].      (    )
     -,   -   (    )
 .   ,      "  "  
       ( ,  1972)  
    (., 1981).

  90-          
             ,  
 .           
            ,        
     800-        
  .       
       -   ,    
  ,          
      .   
           1874
.,     ..

  ,         (.215)  
    "--4"  (,    1872  16-19238)
[259].                 
  .  ("-16")    .  . ("-17")
(312,.62-63].  ,     
    ,   (.216),    
    ,     ""    
            (.217;
  ).

            
""         
   (  ,       
   ).        
      .     
 " - "     " ". ,
   ""           
.

             ,  
,      ...      
      :  ,     
 ( ).         
(  ,            .),
        .

   1870 .  (.),    
    .    ,    .,  -  
  .        
 .

                      
   ,      .      
             - 
 -   .    ,      
,  -   ,     
.            
 (., , .218).

      30 .      ,
    .      
      0,001 - 1   .  
   ,    ,    
.         
 .      -  
.       (.219).

             
  .          
 ..    15  1992 .:

" 16.45         2,5            
    .     
        1     ,  1    
  ,     ,   ,  
  .    -  500 ,  - 
200 /.   .    . 
      ".

       30  1968 .  . ().
    ,    10-15 
               .          
,        2-3  .  ,
""    10        ,   ,  ,
     [313].

          .  "11  
         ,
       8-9 .    
  ,   13    , 
   ,      .  20 
      ,      80
/.     "-11"        
 " [314].

          - 
   .     
 ,     19 . 
  ""  ""        
   .  ..   
-             "   "   (.220)
[312,.70-80].               
(.221) [315].

 1994 .      ""  
   2          -  ,    
          .  
     - 10-30 .     88
-     .      
     .

,                     
 .      , 
     .            
""   1  ,          
 - .    ""
 5- ""      .    
  ,        
  .      .  
    -     [316].

21  1996 .    -  
  ,        ,    
           
-.             30  
        [317].   
              
, ,      ;
              
.    "  -  "  LO-84M    
""   10    (7  ).        "-10"
(  5  10-32-4822)        ""  "".
                  
      .        
     .

           
     .       
    ,          
          
 .      .,  
,  .,   .

,   ""        
           
.        
,            .      
            ,
                      
,   " "   . 
   ,       
            
   [318].

  ,         ,  
,  ,      ,            
 (    )      (
   )    .   
    :             
    ;    ,   .
            
    .     ?  - ,     "
"   ?    ,   
        
    .     .

    .10,          
     .     ,
            
X-   ,      -.      
.  -,   ""   
   1,5-5  (!),  ""  ,   
 ,       -  
(.222).     "-16"  72--834,  72--836,  72--839
 ,       50   ,
  -        -    ,    
 [312..70-80].   223   224  -        
,      [315].

-         .      
""    ,       ,
        (.225).  ,   
               
  ,        "- 17":
"...      ,      -  ...
  - ,       
  ..."  (312,.37].  ,  -      -
   ?

 1966,      1971 .   ""   ( 71 -  -
781)    ()        
,       . 
        ,   "
  ",               ,  
 (,  67--1135).

    ,         
             ,   
      .      ,      
             -
 .                ,
     ,     
    - .  ,     
          ,    
                
      360000   .

                                
                        (    )

1. Rouse  Robert  .  Interview  with Zecharia Sitchin (from Connecting Link
issue 17, 29.07.93).  rkrouse@netcom.com.

2.  ..   .        
"-".

3.  .    . ., , 1984.

4.  ..   .  1. ., , 1985.

5.   .  . ... ., , 1982.

6.   .         //   ,
5-96.

7. Sitchin Z. The Stairway to Heaven. New York, Avon Books, 1980.

8.  .,  .  . ., , 1956.

9.  .   . ., , 1980.

10.  ..   . ., , 1973.

11. :   ( " "). ., ,
1997.

12.   .    .  ,  Slave Gospel Press,
1975.

13. Sitchin Z. Genesis Revisited. New York, Avon Books, 1990.

14.   .   2.    .  ..-.  .,
, 1988.

15.   ..,    ..    .  .,  
, 1977.

16.     //   - 3. ., , 1993.

17.  .,   .  :    - .  ., ,
1983.

18.  .   . ., , 1990.

19.  ..     .  .,  ,  1988,
.15.

20.          //  -.
.,     , 1982.

21.  .  . ., , 1989.

22.  .  . .,  , 1961.

23.   .            //  
. 3-95.

24.  .    //  . ., , 7-90.

25.  .     //   . 1-96.

26.  ..              //    
, 1-94 //   , 1-96.

27.  .    //   , 7-97.

28.  ..   .     . ., ,
1997.

29.  .,   .      .  . 
 , 1996.

30.  .   ? //  , 9-90.

31.  .    . ., , 1965.

32. Thompson  R.C.  The  Reports of the Magicians and Astrologers of Nineveh
and Babylon.

33.  .   :      .  .,
, 1990.

34. Sarton G. Chaldean Astronomy of the Last Three Centuries B.C.

35. Neugebauer 0. Astronomical Cuniform Texts. 1955.

36. Sitchin Z. The Lost Realms. New York, Avon Books, 1990.

37. - .    . ., , 1979.

38. Sitchin Z. The Twelfth Planet. New York. Avon Books, 1976.

39.  ..     . ., , 1995.

40. Jeremias Alfred. Handbuch der Altorientalischen Geistkultur. 1908.

41. Weidner Ernst. Der Tierkreis und die Wege am Himmel. 1915.

42. Virolleaud Charles. L'Astrologie Chaldeenne. 1903-1908.

43. Langdon S. Babylonian Menologies and ten Semitic Calendar.

44. Hommel F. Die Astronomie der Alten Chaldaer.

45. Jean Ch.F. Lexocologie Sumeriene.

46. Guterbock  Gustav.  Die  historische  Tradition  und  Ihre  literarische
Gestaltung bei Babylonier und Hethiten. 1960.

47.    .

48.    "".

49.  .  "  ".

50. Men's Devotional Bible // Michigan. Zondervan Publishing House. 1993.

51.  ..         ;
    ..                
          
  ;    ..,   ..,   ..  
        
 ;   .  ,     // , 
, 1-95.

52. Flamsteed Sam. Impossible Planets // Discover, 9-97.

53.  ..    . ., , 1982.

54. Pick Aaron.  Dictionary of Old  Testament  Words  for  English  Readers.
Mich., Kregel Publications, 1977.

55. Daae  Donald.  Bridging the Gap:  the First Six Days.  Calgary.  Genesis
International Research Publishers, 1989.

56.    .;     (      )
  ,         
                  ,
         " " (The
12-th Planet,  The Stairway to Heaven,  The Wars of Gods and Men,  The  Lost
Realms,  When Time Began, Genesis Revisited, Divine Encounters, 
   1977-1996 .).

57.  .  . ., -  , 1992.

58. Gaae Donald (Prof.G.).  Bridging the Gap:  the  First  6  Days.  Genesis
International Research Publishers, Calgary, Canada, 1989.

59.   // -, 1-94.

60.   ..              //  .  
, 4-97.

61. Hall Joseph.  Earth and Its Secret Asteroid Admirer // The Toronto Star,
12.06.97.

62.  .. , 1971.

63. Carreau  .  Study  Disputes Findings of Ice On the Moon // The Gazette.
Monreal, 06.06.97.

64. Dickinson . Seeds of Life // Equinox. Canada, 7-97.

65.   ..           //      
 .   .-. ( 
 , XXVIII ). ., , 1989.

66.      //     ,  4-92  (  
"Science News", 1991, 140, 10).

67.      ? // , 9-97.

68.  P.O.   .      
 //    .   .  ..  
(      ,  XXVIII ).  .,
, 1989.

69. Journal of Geophysical  Research  (    ).
30.09.77.

70.         //   ,  4-92 (  "New
Scientist", 1991, 131, 1783).

71. Boyd R.  Everything Working Perfectly  On  Mars  //  The  Toronto  Star,
08.07.97.

72.  ..     "" // , 4-96.

73.  .    // , 7-96.

74.      ,     // ,  8-97;   
 1994  //   , 1-96.

75.  ,      //  ,  8-97  (  
"Science"  "Nature"   1997 .).

76.   ..,   ..       //  
, 6-91.

77. .      //   , 3-97.

78. , ""    //   , 4-92 (
 "Science News", 1991, 140. 9).

79.  .  . ., , 1984.

80.       (  "New Scientist", 1992,
135, 1840) //   , 4-93.

81.    ?  (  "New  Scientist",  1993,  138,
1868) //   , 4-93.

82. DiChristina . Lessons of Hale-Bopp // Popular Science, 8-97.

83.  .     ;   
  ;    //   .
.134, .,    .., 1992.

84. The Structure of the Clouds of Comets Surrounding the Solar System and a
Hypothesis  Concerning  Its  Origin  //   Bulletin   of   the   Astronomical
Institutions of the Netherlands, vol.11, 13.01.50.

85. Van  Flandern  Thomas  C.  A  Former  Asteroidal Planet as the Origin of
Comets //Icarus, 36-78.

86. Ovenden Michael.  Bode's Law -  Truth  or  Consequences?  //  Vistas  In
Astronomy, vol.18, 1975.

87. Depleting Outer Asteroids // Sky and Telescope, 6-97.

88. A Cometary Asteroid // Astronomy, 6-97.

89.  ..         
. ., , 1992.

90.  .        //    83-84.  .,  
. 1984.

91.  .      //   , 3-89.

92.    . ., , 1990.

93.  .   . ? //   , 2-88.

94.  ..     //   , 3-95.

95.   ..            //   
, 3-93.

96.  .      //  . ,
54,  , -  , 1973 //  . , , - 
, 1977.

97.   .              ?   //
 . , , -  , 1977.

98.  ..     //   ,
3-94.

99.   // Scientific American, 1977, 3.

100.  .      //    (.  .
), 8-97.

101. Wilson  Jim.  Computer  Describes  the Day the Moon Was Born // Popular
Mechanics, 12, 1997.

102.  .,  .     // , 6-97.

103.  .     // , 7-97.

104. Hartmann William. Cratering In the Solar System // Scientific American,
1, 1977.

105. Kerr Richard A. Research News // Science, 14.04.89.

106. Doel  Ronald  .  The Lunar Volcanism Controversy // Sky and Telescope,
10, 1996.

107. Sky and Telecope, 2, 1997.

108. Astronomy, 3, 1997.

109. , 2-97.

110. Cameron Alastair // Icarus, vol.64, 1985.

111.  .,   .   "":     //  
, 3-95.

112.  ..    . .,  , 1989.

113.  .   ? ,   , 1990.

114. The Carboniferous Mystery // Scientific American, vol.162, 1, 1940.

115. William Meister Sr. Discovery of Trilobite Fossils In Shod Footprint of
Human In Trilobite Beds.

116. A Cambrian Formation - Antelope Springs,  Utah  //  Why  Not  Creation?
1970.

117. Coppedge  James  F.  Evolution:  Possible or Impossible?  Grand Rapids,
Zondervan, 1976.

118. Qish D.  Speculations and Experiments Related to Theories on the Origin
of Life: a Critique, 1972.

119. Hubble  Data  Put  Universe  at  13 Billion Years of Age // The Toronto
Star, 01.05.97.

120. Morowitz  Harold.  Biological  Self-Replicating  Systems  (Progress  in
Theoretical Biology). New York, Academic Press, 1967.

121. Golay Marcel //Analytical Chemistry, 6, 1961.

122.  .  :  . -, 1981.

123. Dick  Steven  J.  The Biological Universe.  Cambridge University Press,
1996.

124.  . . ., , 1989.

125.  .     ? - .  //   , 11-96.

126.  .     .  .,   ,
1991.

127.   ..       .
., , 1994.

128.   . ., , 1993.

129.  . ., , 1993.

130.           .  .,
- , 1990.

131.  .,   .      .
.,  . , 1995.

132.      //   , 6-96.

133.  .   - //   , 5-96.

134. Kaznacheyev V.,  Trofimov A.  Cosmic Consciousness of Humanity.  Tomsk,
Elendid-Progress, 1992.

135.  .     "". , 1997 //
 , 1-4.

136.  ..   . ., -, 1993.

137.             //     
 , 1995.

138.  ..    . ., , 1976.

139.    ..      :        .
, 1991.

140.  .         //    
, 4-96.

141.  ..      :    
  III  //  , 2-95.

142.   //  , 3-96.

143.  ..    (.4.   ). .,
 , 1997.

144.   ..    -   
           //      .   
 . .XXVI. ., , 1980.

145.  ..  //  , 3-12, 1993.

146.  ..     //   , 6-94.

147.   ..    :      ?  //   
, 1-92.

148.  - "", 16-95 //   , 6-96.

149.  .,  .       //
  , 4-91.

150.   ..              ?  //   
, 2-95.

151.  .      .

152.  .    //   , 1-90.

153. Hall Joseph. Was Oil the Food of Life? // Toronto Star, 09.03.97.

154.    (  "Science News", 1989, 136, 4) //
  , 6-90.

155. Ingram  Jay.  Europa  and  the  Hoagland  Eccentricity // Toronto Star,
09.03.97.

156.    :   ? // . , 8-97.

157. The Case for Europa's Ocean // Sky and Telescope, 6, 1997.

158. Dickinson Terence. Original Europa Thesis Just Too Alien // The Toronto
Star, 13.04.97.

159. And  Life  Believed  Possible  In Sea On Moon of Jupiter // The Toronto
Star, 10.04.97.

160. Crick Francis. Directed Panspermia // Icarus, vol.19, 9, 1973.

161. Nature, 09.11.89.

162. Nature Yvonne,  Farmer Jack.  Life:  a Cosmic Imperative?  //  Sky  and
Telescope, 7, 1997.

163.   ..       //  
, 3-95.

164. Lewis Roy, Anders Edward // Scientific American, 8, 1983.

165.  .      ?  //   - 3.  .,  ,
1993.

166.   .    -    !  //   ,
8-97.

167.  .          
! , , 23-96.

168. Greenberg Mayo. Weber Peter // Nature, vol.316, 1985.

169.     ,   ? (  "Science".
1994, 263, 494; "Science News", 1994, 145, 173) //   , 3-95.

170. Bennett W.H. Genesis. The Country Bible 1-st ed.

171. Treasure Fossil. Trove Found // The Toronto Star, 11.05.97.

172. Spears Tom.  The Leapingest Lizard That Ever  Lived  //  Toronto  Star,
16.03.97.

173. Science. 3, 1997.

174.  .,   .  :    //  
, 2-96.

175.  .  ,          ,  
   //   , 9-95.

176.  .      //   ,
11-93.

177.  .  ,    (  -  "Bild  der
Wissenschaft") //   , 2-96.

178.        (  - "Science",  1990,
248, 843) //   , 1-91.

179.  ,    // , 5-97.

180. Albright W.F. Mesopotamian Elements in Canaanite Eschatology.

181. Nature, 27.06.85.

182. New Scientist, 17.09.87.

183.  .   :   .  ,
11-97.

184.  ..  . ., , 1995.

185.  " " //   - 4. ., , 1993.

186.   .   :    .
., . 1993.

187.  ..   . ., , 1989.

188.  -  1,5  ?!  //   - 3.  ., ,
1993.

189.  .      - .
 , 1977.

190. Gore Rick. The Dawn of Humans: Expanding Worlds // National Geographic,
5, 1997, vol.191, 5.

191. Toronto Star, 02.03.97.

192.  .   .  I. ., , 1985.

193. Nature, vols.330, 340, 1987.

194.  ..,   ..   : , ,
, . 67-81 //    - 1977. ., , 1977.

195.  .  . ., , 1983.

196.  .        //    ,
3-95.

197.   .          //   ,
6-96.

198. Nature, 27.04.89.

199.  . .  ? // -, 8-89.

200. Science, 11.09.87.

201. National Geographic. 10, 1988.

202. Newsweek, 11.01.88.

203.    // -, 11-91.

204. Science, vol.179, 1973.

205. Sitchin Z. When Time Began. New York. Avon Books, 1993.

206.  ..  . .,  , 1956.

207.  ..  ? ., , 1996.

208.  ..  ... //   , 9-90.

209. Dr.Lewels Joe. The God Hypothesis. Wild Flower Press, 1997.

210. Casteel Scan.  ET's On Earth at the Beginning of  Time?  UFO  Universe,
6,1997 (,  50-   ).

211.   ..     .  .   
, 1992.

212.  ..   . ., , 1979.

213.  ..   . ., , 1995.

214. Culver  .  Leigh.   Is   Mars   Preparing   for   Contact?   Internet:
http://www.isur.com

215.  ..  : .  1. ., 
 , 1991.

216.   , 3-93.

217. Illustrated London News, 1955.

218.  ..        .  ,  1993,
.340;  ..  . ., , 1997, .8.

219. Dickinson  Terence.  Great  Bear - a Multicultural Constellation // The
Toronto Star, 18.05.97.

220. Langdon Stephen. Tablets from Archives of Drehem.

221.  .  //   , 1-94.

222.  .     . , 1967;  .  
  : " ".

223. Hilprecht   H.V.   The  Babylonian  Expedition  of  The  University  of
Pennsylvania.

224. Pinches Th.G. Some Mathematical Tablets of the British Museum.

225. Hunter Willy.  The Earliest History of the Constellations in  the  Near
East; Jeremias Alfred. The Old Testament In the Light of the Anscient East.

226.   ..      //   ,
3-97.

227. Stern Philip Van Doren.  Prehistoric Europe from Stone Age Man  to  the
Early Greeks. New York, Norton.

228. Aldred Cyril. Egypt to the End of the Old Kingdom.

229.  .    //   - 5. ., , 1994.

230. Break Throughs // Discover, 9-97.

231.  ..  ,      //
  . ., , 1991, .8-9, 14-15.

232.    ...//   , 9-95.

233.  .    //   , 12-95.

234.   .        (   )   //   
, 9-97, .26.

235.  .  -   //   , 12-94.

236.  .  -    //   ,
12-96.

237.  .   -    //    ,
1-95.

238.  .   . ., , 1984.

239.  .,   .     
//   . 11-95.

240.  .    ? //  ?
., , 1996.

241.      "UFO Diaries" ( -
    ).

242.  ..  . ., , 1993, .9-12.

243.  .   -  . ., , 1993.

244.  ..  . , , 1996.

245.  ..   . ., , 1996.

246.  ..         ,  ,
1992.

247.       " "
(Ancient Prophecies) (     ).

248.   .            //      
, 10-95.

249.  .  "-", "", ., , 1977.

250.  .    . ., , 1996.

251.  .    //   , 5-93.

252. d'Arvieux. Memoires. part II, chapter 26.

253.  .      //   , 10-95.

254.  .     //   , 7-97.

255.  ..   . ., , 1984.

256.       ""           
" ".

257.   ""          
" " (   ).

258.  .    //   , 12-96.

259.  ..  :   . ., /, 1994.

260.  ..  :    . .,   ,
1991.

261.  ..       
//  :    (   
 15-18  1996 .). .,   , 1996.

262. .  . .2, ., , 1990.

263.  ..,   ..    ?  //   - 6.
., , 1994.

264.    "Group 1"  "UFO's Are Real".

265.  .  :   ? , , 1993.

266.   , 2-97.

267. Dickinson  .  Mars  Was  the  Top  Story  of 1907 // The Toronto Star,
20.06.97.

268.  ..  02      
//    . .... (
  , XXVIII ). ., , 1989.

269. Kargel J.,  Strom R.  Global Climatic  Change  on  Mars  //  Scientific
American, 11, 1996.

270. Carmichael  H.  McGill  Prof  Shares  Theories on Red Planet // Sudbury
Star, Canada, 10, 1996.

271. Mars as Viking Sees It // National Geographic, 1, 1977.

272. Stanley H.Zisk, Peter J. Mouginis-Mark // Science & Nature, 11, 1980.

273. Cooke R. Mission Unmasks Mars // The Toronto Star, 20.06.97.

274. National Geographic, 1, 1977.

275. Alien Jane. Soil Analysis Backs Mars Water Theory (Associated Press) //
The Moscow Times, 10.06.97.

276.      // , 7-97.

277.    ! // . , 10-97.

278.  .,  .,  .      //  
, 1-97.

279. Beatty Kelly. Life from Ancient Mars? // Sky and Telescope, 10, 1996.

280. Roarch Mary. Meteorite Hunters // Discover, 9, 1997.

281. Hively Will.  Looking for Life In All the Wrong Places // Discover,  5,
1997.

282. Shreeve James. The Light On Life // Discover, 5, 1997.

283.        // , 6-97.

284. Sky and Telescope, 1, 1997.

285. Astronomy, 2, 1997.

286. Local Rocks Suggest Mars Had Life // The Toronto Star. 29.06.97.

287. , 8-97.

288.     // Nature, 1292, 02.08.1894.

289.  .  . .,   , 1983.

290.  .    //   , 8-97.

291.   .       ?  // .,  ,
23-96.

292.  .     //   , 10-94.

293. Graham Francis // Frontiers of Science, 11-12, 1980.

294.  ..    ? //  83-84, .,  ,
1984.

295. Applied Optics, 5, 1988.

296. Astronomy. 4-97.

297. Myers David. Two Thirds. London, Aulis Publishers, 1993.

298.  .    "" //   , 3-88.

299.   3.    ""  " "?  // .,  ,
4-95.

300.  .      //  
, 4-91.

301. Brown Cortney. Cosmic Voyage, 1996.

302.   .      ?  // .,  - - 
" ", , 1-2, 1997.

303. Bentor Julius L.  Tracking Lunar Phenomena // Sky  and  Telescope,  10,
1996.

304.   ..         //  
, 3-92.

305.  ..      //      ,
3-91.

306.  ..   //   , 2-94.

307.  B.C.        // 
 , 4-91.

308.  ..    // , 1-95.

309.  ..         
//   , 4-93.

310.   ..    :    XXI  //   ,
6-93.

311.  .   ,   //   , 11-96.

312.  .     - . .,  
, 1995.

313.  ..     //   , 1-94.

314.  ..     //   , 2-93.

315.  .  -  ? // , 1-95.

316.  ..     // ., , 12-97.

317.  ..    :  ? // ., ,
8-97.

318.  ..   // ., , 15-97.

319.   .            //   .,
, 3-94.

320.  .  92,  14  ... , , 1993.

321.  .,  .    . ., , 1984.

322.      // , 8-97.

323. McCann  H.  10-th  Planet?  Pluto's Orbit Says Yes // The Detroit News,
16.01.81.

324.  .     //   , 12-89.

325.    X? //   , 1-91.

326. Gurshtein A.A.  In Search  of  the  First  Constellations  //  Sky  and
Telescope, 6, 1997.